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For many transgender men and women, hormone replacement therapy is an important component of their transitioning process. Here is an overview of hormone replacement therapy medications and side effects.

What to Know About Transgender Hormone Therapy Side Effects

For many transgender men and women, hormone replacement therapy is an important component of their transitioning process, allowing them to develop physical traits aligned with their gender identity. Taking this step to feel more comfortable in your body is a big decision, and there are many factors to consider as you determine if gender-affirming hormone replacement therapy is right for you. 

Below is an overview of hormone replacement therapy medications and side effects to help you learn more about the process.

Hormone replacement therapy for transgender women

Estrogen and testosterone-blocking medications help transgender women develop a more feminized appearance in line with their gender identity while transitioning. It reduces the discomfort of gender dysphoria, the distress caused by having a gender identity that differs from the sex you were assigned at birth. Many transgender women experience less emotional distress, improved personal relationships, and a better overall quality of life as a result of hormone replacement therapy.

Feminizing hormone replacement therapy causes a variety of physical changes like breast development and facial and body hair reduction. You may also experience a loss of muscle tone and changes in your body shape as the body redistributes fat cells.

Feminizing hormone replacement therapy medication and timing

While your healthcare provider will help you develop an individualized treatment plan, feminizing hormone therapy often begins by taking 100 to 200 milligrams daily of a diuretic called spironolactone to begin blocking male hormone receptors and suppress testosterone production. Some individuals begin taking estrogen immediately, in tandem with spironolactone, to further reduce testosterone production and develop more feminine characteristics. In other cases, estrogen is introduced after several weeks of spironolactone use. Your doctor will recommend the best plan for your needs.

There are various methods for administering estrogen, including orally, by injection, or as a cream, gel, spray, or patch. Commonly used forms of estrogen during a male-to-female transition include:

Oral: Estradiol tablets. 
Note that your doctor may advise you to let the tablets dissolve under your tongue rather than swallowing them. This is called sublingual administration, which may lower your risk for blood clots since it bypasses the liver.

Injections: Estradiol valerate (branded options include Delestrogen®) and estradiol cypionate (branded options include DEPO®-Estradiol)

Feminizing hormone replacement therapy side effects

You may experience one or more of the following hormone replacement therapy side effects. Your doctor can advise you about the potential risks and benefits prior to starting hormones.

A blood clot in a deep vein (also known as deep vein thrombosis) or in your lungs

High levels of triglycerides, a type of fat found in the blood

Feminizing hormone replacement therapy may also increase your risk for some chronic health conditions. Since estrogen affects how your body responds to insulin, it can lead to changes in your blood sugar levels and a greater risk for type 2 diabetes. Research into the impact of estrogen on your cardiovascular system is ongoing, and some studies have found a connection between estrogen therapy and a greater risk for heart disease and stroke. You may also face a greater risk of breast cancer after starting hormone replacement therapy.

Certain underlying health conditions may increase your risk of health complications related to the use of estrogen and testosterone-blocking hormones. It’s important to share your full medical history with your doctor, especially if you’ve had a hormone-related cancer, like prostate cancer, or a history of blood clots.

Gender-affirming hormone replacement therapy may affect your fertility, as it impacts sperm production. While some transgender women can produce sperm again after stopping hormone treatment, research indicates that this may not be the case universally, and there is a risk of permanent infertility with long-term use of hormones. If you would like to have biological children, ask your doctor about your options with freezing your sperm before starting hormones.

Hormone replacement therapy for transgender men

Hormone replacement therapy for transgender men during a female-to-male transition also combats gender dysphoria, leading to reduced emotional discomfort and better overall mental health.

During the process, you will take testosterone, which decreases estrogen production and suppresses menstruation. Testosterone is typically administered by injection (branded options include Delatestryl® and Tesamone®) or as a gel applied to the skin (branded options include AndroGel®, Testim®, Fortesta®, and Axiron®). In some cases, it may be applied as a patch or pellets positioned under the skin. If you have a persistent menstrual flow, your doctor might recommend taking progesterone to control it.

You may observe some of the following physical changes within several months of starting hormones, though individual responses to treatment varies:

Masculinizing hormone replacement therapy side effects

There are several potential side effects that transgender men may experience as a result of hormone replacement therapy, including the following:

Masculinizing hormone replacement therapy may also increase your risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

You are more likely to experience one or more of these health complications if you have had breast cancer or have a history of blood clots. It may be unsafe to continue with hormone treatment if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. Be sure to discuss the potential risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy with your doctor, and make sure they are aware of your full medical history.

Masculinizing hormone therapy and fertility

While some transgender men have sucessfully undergone egg freezing or IVF after starting hormone therapy, long-term use of hormones may lead to permanent infertility. If you want to leave open the possibility of starting a family by having children biologically, consult your doctor about your options for egg freezing before starting treatment.

Given that individual responses to testosterone treatment vary, you have a chance of becoming pregnant even while taking hormones. Your doctor can advise you about your options for birth control.

Baseline and follow-up testing for hormone replacement therapy

Before you begin hormone replacement therapy, your doctor will order tests to measure your baseline lipid, blood sugar, liver enzyme, and electrolyte levels, which may change throughout the course of your treatment. Your doctor will also evaluate your medical history to identify any health conditions that may affect treatment. This is also a good opportunity to discuss reproductive health and fertility considerations, including potential contraception options if you are a transgender man.

Throughout hormone therapy, you will have regular follow-up appointments with your healthcare provider to document physical changes in your appearance and monitor the impact of hormones on your lipids, blood sugar, and liver enzymes.

Hormone replacement therapy affects you emotionally as well as physically. In the long term, gender-affirming treatment, including both hormone therapy and surgery, can lead to better mental health, reducing the need for depression and anxiety-related treatment. 

Your doctor will likely ask questions related to your mental health during your initial consultation — including any symptoms of gender dysphoria that you have experienced and how they impact you at work, school, or home — and continue the conversation throughout your treatment.

It’s important to be honest with your doctor about how you are feeling — your mental health matters as much as your physical health. Don’t be afraid to ask for mental health-related resources if you need extra support, and remember that your doctor is here to help you without judgment.

View the National Institute of Mental Health’s suggestions for finding mental health treatment, and the Human Rights Campaign’s list of LGBTQ mental health resources.

Alto is here to support your journey with hormone replacement therapy. Our team of patient care pharmacists has experience working with the LGBTQ+ community and is available to answer any questions you have about the process.

We also make it as simple as possible to stay on top of your medications, with same-day delivery and mediation management tools like reminders and auto refills in our app. Reach out any time to get started by phone at 1-800-874-5881 or download the app for secure messaging with our care team. 

This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.

EMD Serono has several patient assistant programs designed to reduce the cost of fertility treatment, including special opportunities for military veterans and cancer survivors.

A Guide to EMD Serono’s Financial Assistance Programs for Fertility Medication

Fertility preservation treatments like egg freezing and IVF are significant investments, both emotionally and financially. Fertility medications used to support egg production, retrievals and implantations often contribute to these expenses. 

At Alto, we support your financial well-being alongside your physical health, working with your doctor, your insurance (if applicable), and any third party savings programs that you may qualify for to make your medications as affordable as possible. In addition to automatically applying any coupon savings, we’ll connect you with any outside programs that require you to apply directly.

If Alto is your fertility pharmacy, your fertility medication protocol likely includes medications manufactured by EMD Serono. EMD Serono has several patient assistant programs designed to reduce the cost of fertility treatment, including special opportunities for military veterans and cancer survivors.

Read on to learn more details about eligibility for EMD Serono patient assistant programs and how to apply. You can also read our previous post on managing the costs of fertility treatment to learn about Alto’s additional financial support for fertility treatment and medications.

The EMD Serono Compassionate Care program provides discounted medication to eligible self-pay patients pursuing fertility treatment based on financial need or military status. 

Compassionate Care provides discounts off the self-pay price of EMD Serono fertility medications, including: 

for income-based eligible patients, savings of up to 50%

for active, retired, and veteran military, a minimum of 10% off based on income up to 50% off. 

Eligibility is based on your annual gross household income and first-time participation in the Compassionate Care program. 

Compassionate Care covers the following treatments: 

Gonal-f® RFF* Redi-ject™ pen 300 IU, 450 IU and 900 IU

Gonal-f® Multi-Dose vial 450 IU and 1050 IU

The Compassionate Care program is available only at participating pharmacies and patients must present a valid prescription for an eligible drug. The program is available for multiple cycles each calendar year for eligible patients. You must reapply each year.

View additional program details and apply here.

The EMD Serono Compassionate Corps program provides free medication to eligible, uninsured veterans injured in the line of duty or their spouses. To be eligible, you must be a retired military veteran or the spouse of a veteran who meets the following criteria:

Is infertile due to a service-related injury

Is not privately or publicly insured for infertility medications

Has been diagnosed by a physician as infertile and requiring in-vitro fertilization (IVF)/assisted reproductive technology (ART)

Is not eligible for coverage under the Fertility Veterans Act

The program is available for up to two cycles per calendar year. You must reapply each year.

Download the Compassionate Corps application.

If you’re a veteran who does not qualify for Compassionate Corps, you may still qualify for the Compassionate Corps program to receive up to 50% off your medications through the Compassionate Care program.  

Certain types of cancer can affect fertility in both men and women, whether it’s due to the removal of organs related to reproduction or a change in hormone levels following treatment. If you are considering starting a family after your cancer treatment, fertility preservation options can make it easier to conceive.

To help ease the financial burden of this process, EMD Serono donates fertility medications to eligible cancer survivors diagnosed during their reproductive years through the Livestrong Fertility Discount program.

Start the application process on Livestrong’s website to learn if you are eligible.

A fertility pharmacy partner you can rely on

Alto is here to make your experience with fertility preservation treatments as stress-free as possible. We offer free same-day delivery of your medications and fertility resources like personalized injection guide videos and one-on-one consultations with fertility-trained pharmacists.

To get a price quote specific to your fertility medication protocol, complete our online form.

All third party trademarks (including logos and icons) referenced by Alto Pharmacy remain the property of their respective owners. Unless specifically identified as such, Alto’s use of third party trademarks does not indicate any relationship, sponsorship or endorsement between Alto and the owners of these trademarks.

Editors's note: this post was originally published in August 2021 and has been updated for accuracy and completeness.

EMD Serono’s Financial Assistance Programs for Fertility Medication

Here at Alto we’re proud to support RESOLVE and National Infertility Awareness Week 2021. Learn more about who infertility actually affects and available family building resources.

National Infertility Awareness Week 2021

Here at Alto we’re proud to support RESOLVE and National Infertility Awareness Week 2021. This annual week of education and events seeks to increase awareness and acceptance of a disease often misunderstood. The truth is, infertility can affect anyone, regardless of age, race or gender.

If you are struggling with infertility, know that you are not alone. Alto’s dedicated fertility pharmacy team is here to support you. Together with RESOLVE we aim to reduce the stigma around infertility and increase awareness of available family building resources.

Infertility is defined as the inability to get pregnant after twelve months or more of unprotected sex. It’s often assumed to only affect women, but let's take a look at some of the surprising truths of infertility:

Studies suggest that Black women are twice as likely to face infertility as white women.

One-third of infertility cases stem from male factors — including low sperm production, chronic health problems, and lifestyle choices.

Approximately 25% of infertile couples have more than one contributing cause.

Knowing where to begin when exploring family building options can feel overwhelming. Consider finding a support group and learning about other’s journeys. Every path is unique but a solid support system is equally beneficial.

Fertility Patient Story: Tiffany Shares Her Experience with Alto

IVF & Egg Freezing: What to Expect and How to Prepare

Rev. Dr. Stacey L. Edwards-Dunn on Her Mission To Improve Black Fertility Care

What to Consider When Selecting a Fertility Pharmacy 

Your Choice of Fertility Pharmacy Matters	

We are committed to providing exceptional fertility pharmacy care and doing our part to reduce the stigma around infertility. Our dedicated fertility pharmacy team understands the concerns of those affected by infertility. We've supported over 50,000 fertility patients with their medication needs, providing personalized support and cost-effective access to prescriptions that are key to treatment plans.

We work tirelessly behind-the-scenes to provide a better pharmacy experience, with pharmacist-led injection training, thoughtfully packaged supplies and ancillaries, insurance benefits coordination, and financing support.

Choosing the right fertility pharmacy can make all the difference. Learn more about our individualized approach and commitment to providing exceptional fertility pharmacy care.

National Infertility Awareness Week 2021 

Reverend Stacey, who is also the Executive Minister at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago, sat down with us to share more about the challenges of fertility in the Black community, what fertility care providers can do to create more inclusive experiences, and some of her favorite memories in the history of FFCG. 

When it comes to fertility, there is a lot to navigate—from deciding which treatment option is right for you to figuring out how to afford the costs. In the U.S., about 11% of women experience infertility, and studies suggest that Black women are twice as likely to face infertility as white women. 

Rev. Dr. Stacey L. Edwards-Dunn is trying to change this. After working as a health educator in Chicago and an education director at Planned Parenthood, she founded Fertility for Colored Girls (FFCG) in 2013. As a 501c3, FFCG’s mission is to provide education, awareness, and support to Black women/couples and other women of color who struggle with infertility—something Stacey wished she’d had when she was on her own infertility journey. 

With 14 chapters across the country spanning urban and suburban communities, and with more opening each year, FFCG provides services including educational programs, grant opportunities, counseling, and monthly support groups where women can share their experiences and receive support.

What are the reasons Black women are almost twice as likely to experience infertility as white women?

There are a few factors behind this. The first is that in the Black community, infertility is a taboo topic. And it’s not something we expect to experience. In our communities, we have believed the hype that Black women are hyper-fertile. Much of this comes from breeding myths during slavery around our ability to be able to give birth. But the reality is, these myths are incorrect. So it begins with how we have been socialized and educated around our own reproductive health and our Black bodies. 

A second reason is that there are many Black women and couples who don’t trust the medical system. And because of this distrust, we’re not accessing health care. We think doctors don’t take us seriously and impose their biases on us. And even today, we still hear stories of Black women and couples having surgeries done on them and being sterilized without permission.

A third reason has to do with research. Most of the research around reproductive health and treatment has primarily been done on white women. So when research shows that in vitro fertilization (IVF) is not as successful with Black women, it’s because the trials haven’t included Black women. Once we start seeing more research done that includes black and brown women and other ethnicities then we’ll be able to tailor treatments better. 

A final reason has to do with marketing. We still have a number of fertility clinics that aren’t including women and babies of color and other ethnicities in their marketing. So Black women and couples don’t see themselves in the marketing and if you can’t see yourself, it makes it harder to feel welcome and to trust that you’ll get quality care. 

In addition to marketing and staffing, what other recommendations do you have for clinicians and fertility care providers to create a more accessible and equitable experience? 

I would say education. The staff working with women of color need to be educated. They need to be equipped with tools on how to be culturally sensitive to the Black women and couples that are coming into their spaces. Something I hear from Black women and couples is they want the doctor and team to partner up with them in their treatment—not to look down on them or talk at them. They want someone to walk with them on their journeys. 

Education can also help staff understand their own biases which, a lot of the time, they’re unaware of. It’s important they know what to say and what not to say to make sure they aren’t deterring Black couples. In addition, Black and other ethnicities need to be represented in executive roles and throughout the organization —from doctors to nurses to lab technicians. Making sure staff is inclusive, diverse, and culturally-educated.

Finally, they need to work with organizations like FFCG, who have their pulse on the community and can help them create relationships with the Black community. And they should be open to having these conversations not just during Black History Month, but all the time.

For the communities you work with and those who might not understand their family building options and the resources available to them, what do you want them to know? 

I want them to know there are multiple paths to parenthood. And though they are all different, they are not deficient. When I educate the women and couples I coach and that come to me, I help them focus on the goal, which is to be parents and to build a family. When you know the goal, then you can understand that you have other natural options, like IVF, intrauterine insemination, donor eggs or donor sperm, domestic adoption, et cetera. 

There is an option and a path that has been designed for everyone and I help them see that. Because when you have options, there are possibilities. I am very intentional about helping to open up the minds of the women and couples that I work with to help them see the goal. Because when you reach the goal of becoming a parent to a child, the reality is that you’re not going to love them any less because it is the child that God has sent you.

Is there a particular memory or moment that stands out for you since you founded Fertility for Colored Girls?

A powerful moment for me was when we gave away our first free IVF [cycle] to a couple. After experiencing a few unsuccessful IVF [rounds], they didn't have any money left and their state of Mississippi doesn’t have insurance toward infertility treatments. So they put their name into our raffle and won. They took the Megabus from Mississippi up to Chicago, Illinois to meet everybody that they had been talking to on the phone during prayer time. 

At this time, I was also one month away from giving birth to my daughter after seven in vitro cycles, so I really felt for them. Now they have five-year-old twins. This was significant because it was the first time we were able to provide physical resources to a couple in need. 

In addition to this, I am always so honored when women and couples call me and tell me they got a positive pregnancy test after IVF, or that their surrogate is pregnant, or their adoption just got approved. Often, I end up finding out before anyone else in their family does. I’m so honored that these women and couples trust me to share their journeys and their hearts. And most of them have never met me in person, they’ve just talked to me on the phone. 

These are women who have cried so many tears in silence and lived so long in shame, and they’ve found a successful path to starting a family. That is what gives me joy and fuels me to keep doing the FFCG work. It reminds me there’s still hope and the work that we are doing is not in vain. 

Is there anything else you’d like to highlight about your work with FFCG and your mission?

I will add that I think you are able to have peace on your [infertility] journey when the mind, body and spirit are aligned. Because if any of those aspects are not aligned everything can really fall apart. Therefore, my approach, and the mission of FFCG, is to minister to each aspect of a person’s life as they are all equally important. 

In addition, it’s important for people to know the resources that are available to them through FFCG—from grants they can apply for to education to support in our prayer circles. Many Black women and couples struggle with having the resources and support to move forward, so I want to make sure they know this.

To support or donate to Fertility for Colored Girls visit the FFCG site. You can also learn more about the Black Reproductive Endocrinologist and Infertility Specialists making history and bringing hope to their families on 2/25 at 6 pm CT. Register here.

At Alto, we know fertility treatment can be an emotionally, financially, and physically challenging experience. That’s why we believe choosing the right pharmacy can help you avoid additional stress caused by waiting for hours on hold, tracking down your medication delivery, and navigating insurance benefits.

If you’re considering fertility treatment for the first time, it’s important to understand the financial hurdles you may be facing. In this article, we’ll explore some of the financial options available and how we at Alto can help. 

Managing the Costs of Fertility Treatment | Alto Pharmacy

For hopeful parents who are struggling to conceive, the costs of pursuing fertility treatment can often seem insurmountable. Though assisted reproductive technology (ART) makes it possible for many people experiencing infertility to become parents, the emotional and financial stakes are high. 

If you’re considering fertility treatment for the first time, it’s important to understand the financial hurdles you may be facing. However, there are ways to manage or lower the costs so you can move forward on your path to becoming a parent. In this article, we’ll explore some of the financial options available to intended parents pursuing ART and how we at Alto can help. 

If You Have Health Insurance, Start There

Unfortunately, not all insurance plans cover fertility treatments. As you dig into your plan’s details, you may find that some options are covered with contingencies, while others are not covered at all. It’s best to contact your insurance provider for an in-depth explanation of your fertility coverage. 

Be prepared to ask questions about whether your plan covers diagnostic testing, medications, treatments, and consultations. Ask if there is a cap on coverage or a waiting period required to try certain treatments. You want to walk away with a comprehensive understanding of what your out-of-pocket costs might be.

Several states have enacted legislation that requires insurance providers to cover infertility treatments. The American Society of Reproductive Medicine maintains this online database with information by state.

Many fertility clinics now offer no- or low-interest financing. As you seek out the clinic that’s right for you, inquire about what cost-assistance services are available. It’s perfectly reasonable to seek out a clinic that makes you feel confident and fits your budget.

There are also companies that provide personal loans specifically for fertility treatments, with flexible monthly payment options. At Alto, we’ve worked with companies like Lending Club, CapExMD and Origin Finance to help our customers get the fertility medications they need. (Great news: the Origin application fee is waived for Alto customers!)

Most companies allow you to apply online and some even provide budgeting tools on their websites so you can get an idea of what your monthly payments might be. 

There are grants available through government programs, nonprofits, and private companies that can help cover fertility treatment costs. Many are designed to benefit intended parents who demonstrate financial need while others were created to support specific groups, such as veterans or the LGBTQ+ community. There are even some that will award money to those willing to share their infertility story. 

These grants won’t usually cover all of your costs, but they can provide a significant boost. CoFertility keeps a database of fertility grants and other funding opportunities, as does RESOLVE: The National Infertility Association. 

Fertility medications can represent a significant portion of your total treatment costs. At Alto, we’ll always advocate for you to ensure you get the lowest possible prices on your medications. We’ll run a thorough insurance benefits investigation and if your insurer requests a prior authorization, we can work with your doctor’s office to submit it on your behalf. Plus, we’ll remind you to collect any available manufacturer rebates with a monthly email.

If you’re uninsured, we can help you apply for income-based assistance programs like the Compassionate Care Program offered by EMD Serono. Even if you are still in the planning stages of your fertility journey, the earlier you can apply to the program, the better. Ideally, you will want to have approval before your fertility prescriptions are sent to your pharmacy. 

We accept ACH (direct) payments and offer a one percent discount for anyone who prefers this option over using their credit card. And don’t forget—with Alto, delivery of your medications is always completely free.

With mail-order pharmacies, you usually have to order your fertility medications all at once to ensure your precisely timed doses don’t get hung up in the mail. Because it’s difficult to predict exactly how much medication you will need, you often end up ordering excess. Not only will these leftovers add to your out-of-pockets costs, but you’ll also end up with wasted medication that you'll have to dispose of when you're done with treatment.

When you fill your prescriptions with Alto, we’ll hand-deliver your medications from our local fulfillment centers. That means we can deliver your medications every few days, avoiding overorders and minimizing how much you spend. 

Finally, we know that your time is the most valuable resource you have, so we’re focused on giving as much back to you as we can. Send us a simple message through the Alto app when you have a question, and keep all your medication information—plus expert advice—at your fingertips using our mobile app. You can also schedule refills and track your shipments from our pharmacy to your doorstep in real time. If you suddenly need to add a day of injections, there’s no need to stress or go running to the pharmacy. We’ll handle the details and coordinate delivery to your doorstep. 

If you’re interested in learning more, you can request a price quote online. Our care team and fertility specialists would be happy to answer your questions about navigating fertility medications. We know that the start of your ART journey can feel full of uncertainty, but we’re here to do whatever we can to make the process easier and more affordable. 

For more on choosing the right fertility pharmacy for your journey, read, “What to Consider When Selecting a Fertility Pharmacy.”

While it’s not always possible to predict the course of your fertility treatment, it can be helpful to set goals and parameters. Is there a maximum number of in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles you’re willing or able to try? Are there other options you’d like to pursue first, such as intrauterine insemination (IUI)? What are the scenarios where you might try using donors or a gestational carrier, or consider fostering or adoption?

Once you have an idea of your budget, coverage options, and potential out-of-pocket costs, create a roadmap that outlines your treatment goals in relation to your financial, physical, and emotional well-being. 

Remember—dealing with infertility issues can take an emotional toll, especially if some options feel out of reach financially. Know that you are not alone, and there is a community of other hopeful parents you can lean on. Support groups like RESOLVE and The Fertility Tribe offer virtual meetups and online community groups. It’s also essential to lean on loved ones for emotional support during this time. The journey you’re taking isn’t easy, but you certainly won’t be walking it alone. 

Would you like to learn more about how Alto can help you manage your fertility treatment costs? Visit alto.com/fertility or give us a call at 1-800-874-5881. Our team is available 9 am – 12 midnight ET Monday – Friday, and 10 am – 9 pm ET on weekends. We’re ready to be your partner through it all, from your first cycle to your last. 

Managing the Costs of Fertility Treatment

Your thyroid makes the hormones that regulate your metabolism. In this article we'll share tips for supporting your thyroid health as well as what to do when your thyroid is out of balance.

All About the Thyroid

The thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your throat. It’s part of the endocrine system—a series of glands that produce and regulate hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that “tell” certain cells and organs what to do, influencing nearly all of the body’s functions. 

Your thyroid makes the hormones that regulate your metabolism: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Metabolism is the process by which your body converts food into energy,  facilitating vital functions such as blood circulation, breathing, and cell repair. Without the thyroid, the body could not break down protein, fats, and carbohydrates for fuel. 

The thyroid gland does not simply act on its own. It receives signals from the pituitary gland, the body’s “master gland,” which is located at the base of the brain and regulates vital body functions. The pea-sized pituitary gland sends its instructions through a hormone called thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH levels rise and fall in the blood, telling the thyroid the exact amount of each hormone to secrete. Hormone levels within the body are a delicate balancing act, and several disorders can arise if the thyroid overproduces (hyperthyroidism) or underproduces (hypothyroidism) T4 and T3. 

With hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland makes too many hormones, accelerating the body's metabolism, which can cause unintentional weight loss and a rapid or irregular heartbeat. According to the Mayo Clinic, other symptoms may include increased appetite, nervousness or anxiety, sweating, fatigue, and difficulty sleeping. Without treatment, hyperthyroidism can lead to serious complications, including heart conditions like congenital heart failure, eye problems, and osteoporosis. 

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid isn’t making enough hormones, and symptoms may not be noticeable at first. Common symptoms of hypothyroidism may include increased sensitivity to cold, fatigue, constipation, weight gain, and dry skin. If left unchecked, the condition can eventually lead to obesity, joint pain, infertility, and heart disease.

Both conditions can be treated, often through the use of synthetic hormones or anti-thyroid medications. If you’re concerned about thyroid health, your healthcare provider can administer a blood test to check your thyroid hormone levels and recommend the appropriate treatment. 

Eating a nutritious, well-rounded diet is essential for thyroid health. Many vitamins and minerals support the thyroid, and iodine is chief among them. This trace mineral is an essential building block of thyroid hormones, but our bodies don’t produce it. Therefore, we need to consume iodine in foods such as iodized salt, seafood, seaweeds, egg yolks, dairy products, and lima beans.

It’s important not to go overboard, however. Consuming iodine in excess can negatively affect hormone levels in some individuals. Iodine deficiency is rare in the United States, so if you’re eating a varied diet, you’re likely within the range of the recommended 150 micrograms per day. 

Selenium is another critical mineral for thyroid function that can be found in brazil nuts, fish, meat, poultry, and fortified cereals and grains. Just like with iodine, selenium deficiency in the U.S. is rare, and it can be detrimental to go too far over the recommended 200 micrograms per day. 

Both the Mayo Clinic and Harvard Health recommend eating a variety of healthy foods rather than focusing too heavily on specific foods or supplements for thyroid health. If you have any concerns about your intake of essential nutrients, talk with your doctor about taking a multivitamin with minerals.

A Word of Caution about Thyroid Supplements

Your endocrine system maintains a very precise balance of hormone levels. For that reason, it’s not a good idea to experiment with your hormone health on your own. According to Cleveland Clinic endocrinologist Christian Nasr, MD, taking over-the-counter iodine supplements could result in getting more than the recommended daily value, which may leave you worse off than before. “The effect of iodine supplements can vary by person, causing the thyroid to produce either too much or too little hormone,” he cautioned.

Consumer Reports also issued a warning about thyroid supplements, reporting that many have been found to contain thyroid hormones derived from animal glands—and there’s often no indication on the labels. When researchers randomly tested ten “thyroid support” supplements, they found that nine contained “clinically relevant” levels of thyroid hormones, in some cases at levels that rivaled prescription thyroid medications. Researchers concluded that these supplements posed a “potential danger to public health.” 

Keep in mind that dietary supplements are not reviewed for safety or effectiveness by the FDA, so it’s best to talk with your healthcare provider before beginning a new over-the-counter supplement. Taking “thyroid support” supplements could alter your hormone levels in unpredictable ways and have undesirable health consequences. If you’re at all concerned about your thyroid health, consult your doctor so you can have your hormone levels tested and begin a prescribed treatment plan. 

A healthy thyroid contributes to feeling energized and ready to live life to the fullest. If your doctor determines that your hormone levels are out of balance, taking medication can restore your vitality. Once you develop a treatment plan, we’d be happy to take over the details of managing your medications. We’ll drop them off at your doorstep for free, and your prescription information will always be at your fingertips through our desktop and mobile apps. Plus, our pharmacists will only be a phone call, text message, or in-app chat away if you have questions about side effects or which foods to avoid eating around dosage time. 

Want to learn more about a better pharmacy experience with Alto? Our care team and endocrinology specialists are available to answer your questions from 9 am – 12 midnight ET Monday – Friday, and 10 am – 9 pm ET on weekends; reach out by in-app secure messaging or phone.

If you’re considering IVF or freezing your eggs and unsure of what to expect, this article will break down the basics and offer suggestions for how to prepare. 

IVF and Egg Freezing: What to Expect and How to Prepare

These days, egg freezing and IVF, or in vitro fertilization, are fairly common routes on the journey to parenthood. Yet, that doesn’t mean these fertility treatments are always an easy road. While both treatments helped millions of women conceive, they can require a significant investment of emotion, resources, and time. 

In vitro fertilization is a type of fertility treatment where:

The retrieved eggs are combined with sperm outside of the body in a laboratory 

The embryos (fertilized eggs) are then placed into the uterus with the potential outcome of a pregnancy. 

The main difference between egg freezing and IVF is the timing. Rather than attempting to get pregnant right away, egg freezing gives you the option to store your unfertilized eggs for a later time. When and if you decide you are ready to have a baby, your eggs will be thawed in the lab and the rest of the IVF process will be completed. Freezing healthy eggs at a younger age allows women more flexibility in their family-planning timelines.  

The initial screening and prescribed medications are very similar for IVF and egg freezing. After completing an initial ultrasound and bloodwork, your doctor will prescribe fertility medications to stimulate follicle growth. Follicles are fluid-filled sacs in your ovaries that potentially contain an egg. Your prescription will involve self-injecting hormones on a precisely timed schedule and regular check-ins for additional ultrasounds and bloodwork. For a more detailed understanding of the timeline and medications used during an IVF cycle, see our article,  IVF Medications: Schedule and Side Effects Explained. 

Once your follicles have reached maturity, your doctor will gently guide a thin needle through your vaginal wall and use suction to draw the eggs from the follicles. The 15-45 minute procedure is minimally invasive, and you’ll be sedated to ensure there’s no pain. The retrieved eggs are either frozen and stored for later use or placed in a petri dish with sperm cells so fertilization can take place. The fertilized eggs, or embryos, are then transferred to your uterus through a quick, non-surgical procedure using an ultrasound-guided catheter.  

IVF may include a variety of other parties at each stage. In some cases, an egg donor undergoes the egg retrieval process. The resulting embryos are then transferred to the intended parent’s uterus. Sometimes a gestational carrier carries and delivers a child for another couple or person. The embryo is created via IVF using the eggs and sperm of the intended parents or donors and then transferred into the gestational carrier’s uterus. In all of these cases, the sperm used to fertilize the eggs may come from either a male partner or donor. Your unique fertility journey may or may not include one or more of these variations.

From a biological standpoint, the American Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology recommends being at a healthy weight and avoiding smoking or alcohol use. It’s also important to mentally prepare, as this journey may take more than one cycle and be physically demanding on your body. Here are a few tips to keep in mind when it comes to your emotional well-being: 

Don’t let staying “stress-free” stress you out 

During any type of fertility treatment, it’s natural to feel anxious or apprehensive. You are emotionally invested in the outcome, after all. So the standard advice to avoid stress during IVF may only serve to catch you in a cycle of worrying about your worries. It’s true that stress isn’t good for your health and it negatively impacts your quality of life; however, recent studies have offered reassurance that your stress level is unlikely to affect your chances of IVF success. 

We recommend that you include stress-relieving techniques in your fertility self-care plan, but it’s important to know that some stress is expected and perfectly okay. Rather than trying to avoid anxious thoughts altogether, try to acknowledge whatever hopes and fears arise, then work to let them go through practices that help you feel calm. The key here is to be gentle with yourself. Try light, low-impact movement practices like yoga, walking, or tai chi, or lay in bed and listen to a guided audio meditation. There are meditation programs that focus specifically on supporting the fertility journey, like Expectful and Circle + Bloom, as well as free fertility meditations on Insight Timer. 

If possible, we suggest surrounding yourself with caring individuals who can provide emotional support or assist with injections when needed. Talk about your feelings with your loved ones. And If you know someone else who has gone through egg freezing or IVF, perhaps you can schedule a weekly phone chat or walk through your neighborhood. 

Finding this type of support isn’t always easy, however. If you’re feeling isolated or struggling to find someone to confide in, know that you are part of a community of women who share similar challenges. Your fertility clinic may offer counseling or support groups, or you can find one through Resolve, the National Fertility Association. No matter your circumstances, you don’t have to navigate fertility and family planning alone. 

Many people also find support through blogs and online communities centered around fertility and IVF, like IVF Babble and Pregnantish. While these can be excellent resources, be mindful that not everything you read online will be completely factual or apply to your unique circumstances. Your doctor or pharmacist should be your source for any medical advice. The stories others share will range from joyful to heartbreaking, so check in with where you’re at emotionally before you start browsing. Remember: whether good or bad, these are the experiences of others. Your journey will unfold in its own way. 

Because treatment can change from one day to the next, it’s helpful to have a pharmacy partner that can be just as flexible and deliver medications as needed. For that reason, we recommend selecting a pharmacy that offers free, same-day delivery and expert guidance on fertility medications. 

Alto’s fertility pharmacists are accessible by phone or messaging in our mobile app. We understand that protocols can change with little notice, which is why you will always receive a confirmation and updates from us after we receive your prescription. You can also view your delivery status in our mobile app until our courier team hand-delivers your medications. You can even designate a safe place for us to place your medications for contactless delivery (we can facilitate contact-free signatures as well). 

For more tips on how to select your pharmacy, read “What to Consider When Selecting a Fertility Pharmacy.” 

The IVF journey can be challenging, but we’ll be with you every step of the way. Alto’s dedicated fertility specialists are here to answer your questions, guide you through your first injections, and work with your physician to ensure your egg freezing or IVF treatment plan is followed correctly. Visit us at alto.com/fertility or reach out via phone or the app to learn more. 

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer parents-to-be have many options to become parents today. In this blog post we'll share an overview of the options as well as how Alto can help you in the path to parenting.

A Guide to LGBTQ+ Family Building

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) has expanded the paths to parenthood for all types of family structures. Whether exploring fertility as a single person, within a couple, or as a family unit, parenthood is now possible for more people than ever before.

A 2018 study found that 48% of LGBTQ+ millennials (aged 18-35) were actively planning to grow their families, compared to 55% of non-LGBTQ+ millennials. Researchers noted that this gap had narrowed significantly compared to older generations—the result of advances in technology and the movement for equality. 

Still, LGBTQ+ families confront unique challenges in an industry that often fails to center their needs. However, as more and more LGBTQ+ people seek to become parents through ART, the face of fertility is shifting. 

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer parents-to-be have many options to become parents today, including using a donor or surrogate for one or more components of biological conception (eggs, sperm, and uterus).

That being said, many options come with formidable costs so determining how to pay for treatment is an important part of planning. Family Equality Council shares this list of family-building grants that can help make ART more affordable. Your clinic may also offer financial assistance programs and payment plans. If prescription fertility medications are part of your treatment, we’ll comb through the available discount and rebate programs to ensure you get the lowest possible price. 

To clarify which of the many paths-to-parenthood might be right for you, it can help to seek out an organization such as Family Equality Council that can provide specialized advice for LGBTQ+ families. It’s also essential to choose a clinic and doctor who can understand your needs and put you at ease. 

For LGBTQ+ couples exploring using a donor, it’s also essential to research the laws in your state regarding legal parentage procedures after your baby is born. For a starting point, you can learn about the laws in your area through Movement Advancement Project’s interactive ART law map; however, you should also speak with an experienced LGBTQ+ family lawyer in your state. 

Blog

What to Know About Transgender Hormone Therapy Side Effects

A Guide to EMD Serono’s Financial Assistance Programs for Fertility Medication

National Infertility Awareness Week 2021

Rev. Dr. Stacey L. Edwards-Dunn on Her Mission To Improve Black Fertility Care

Managing the Costs of Fertility Treatment

All About the Thyroid

IVF and Egg Freezing: What to Expect and How to Prepare

A Guide to LGBTQ+ Family Building

Fertility Acronyms, Explained

Fertility Patient Story: Tiffany Shares Her Experience with Alto

IVF Medications: Schedule and Side Effects Explained

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